If you’re exploring the 13 best carbon fiber star trackers of 2025, I’ve looked into models known for precision and durability. From lightweight astrophotography mounts like the Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer 2i Pro Pack to rugged, portable options like Vixen POLARIE U, there’s a wide range to contemplate. These trackers offer outstanding stability, high-quality materials, and advanced features suited for both amateurs and professionals. Keep going to discover detailed insights on each option and find the perfect fit for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Carbon fiber star trackers offer superior strength-to-weight ratio, enhancing portability and durability for astrophotography and celestial tracking.
- Top-rated models in 2025 feature high-precision motors and stable mounts for accurate long-exposure imaging.
- They are resistant to environmental factors like temperature fluctuations, moisture, and UV exposure, ensuring long-term reliability.
- Advanced models incorporate Wi-Fi or app control, providing user-friendly operation and precise alignment capabilities.
- Leading options are praised for lightweight design without sacrificing structural integrity, ideal for mobile astronomy enthusiasts.
Spy Tec Plug-in GPS Car Tracker with 3-Month Service

If you’re looking for a reliable way to keep tabs on your vehicle without complicated installation, the Spy Tec Plug-in GPS Car Tracker is an excellent choice. Simply plug it into your vehicle’s OBD port near the steering wheel—no mechanic needed. It’s powered by your car’s electrical system, so no batteries to replace, making it low-maintenance. The included 3-month subscription is paid upfront and renewable every three months, with no long-term contract. It offers real-time speed updates every second for pinpoint accuracy and features a Time Machine to review past routes. Plus, customizable geofences and instant alerts keep your vehicle secure and monitored effortlessly.
Best For: vehicle owners seeking a secure, maintenance-free GPS tracking solution that is easy to install and provides real-time and historical location data.
Pros:
- Easy plug-and-play installation without the need for a mechanic
- Industry-leading real-time updates every second for accurate tracking
- No batteries required, powered directly by the vehicle’s electrical system for low maintenance
Cons:
- Subscription must be renewed every three months; ongoing cost
- Limited to vehicles with an OBD port near the steering wheel
- No built-in battery backup, so tracking depends entirely on vehicle power
Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer 2i Pro Pack Night Sky Tracker

The Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer 2i Pro Pack Night Sky Tracker stands out as an ideal choice for amateur astrophotographers who want a portable, high-precision platform without the bulk of traditional mounts. Weighing just 2.4 pounds, it transforms almost any tripod into an accurate equatorial mount, supporting up to 11 pounds of camera gear. Its Wi-Fi connectivity via the SAM Console app allows easy smartphone control, while a deluxe equatorial base ensures precise polar alignment. Perfect for wide-field astrophotography, eclipses, and nightscapes, this tracker is versatile and travel-friendly, making it a reliable tool for capturing stunning celestial images with minimal setup fuss.
Best For: amateur astrophotographers seeking a portable, high-precision tracking platform for wide-field imaging and nightscape photography.
Pros:
- Lightweight and portable at only 2.4 pounds, ideal for travel and outdoor use
- Supports up to 11 pounds of gear, accommodating cameras and lenses with robust all-metal gears
- Wi-Fi connectivity via the SAM Console app allows easy control from smartphones and computers
Cons:
- Basic app interface may require updates for enhanced functionality
- Precise polar alignment can be challenging for beginners without experience or proper accessories
- Occasional mechanical issues like loose screws or motor glitches may require troubleshooting
Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer GTI Mount Kit with Accessories

For astrophotographers seeking a portable yet capable mount, the Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer GTI Kit stands out thanks to its full GoTo functionality combined with a lightweight design. It features a built-in illuminated polar scope for precise alignment, Wi-Fi for smartphone control, USB and autoguider ports, and a V-style dovetail. Supporting payloads up to 11 pounds, it’s ideal for DSLR, mirrorless cameras, small astrographs, or compact telescopes. The kit’s versatility includes options with or without a tripod and pier extension. Weighing about 26 pounds, it’s portable enough for fieldwork, yet sturdy enough for reliable tracking of deep-sky objects, planets, and the Moon.
Best For: amateur astrophotographers seeking a portable, lightweight mount with full GoTo capabilities for capturing planets, the Moon, and deep-sky objects with small telescopes or cameras.
Pros:
- Fully integrated GoTo system with smartphone control via Wi-Fi for easy alignment and object selection
- Compact, lightweight design weighing about 26 pounds, ideal for field portability
- Supports payloads up to 11 pounds, suitable for DSLR, mirrorless cameras, and small telescopes
Cons:
- Slightly heavier and less sturdy than some competing portable mounts, with potential stability issues under heavier loads
- Polar alignment can be inconsistent, especially when horizon obstructions limit visibility and may require additional software or practice
- Build quality issues such as fragile lens covers, poorly placed leveling bubble, and a battery compartment that requires screw removal
Sky Watcher Star Adventurer GTI Mount Head Kit with Counterweight and CW bar

Designed for portability without sacrificing precision, the Sky Watcher Star Adventurer GTI Mount Head Kit with Counterweight and CW bar offers full GoTo capabilities in a compact package. It features a built-in illuminated polar scope for accurate alignment, Wi-Fi connectivity, USB and autoguider ports, and a SNAP shutter control compatible with DSLR cameras. Supporting multiple tracking modes and an 11-pound payload capacity, it’s ideal for lightweight astrophotography with DSLR or small telescopes. Setup is straightforward, and Wi-Fi control streamlines operation. While some quality control issues exist—like loose parts or faulty polar scope LEDs—the mount’s tracking accuracy and portability make it a versatile choice for dedicated amateurs.
Best For: Amateur astrophotographers seeking a portable, feature-rich mount with precise GoTo capabilities for lightweight cameras and small telescopes.
Pros:
- Compact, lightweight design ideal for portability and field use
- Accurate tracking with guiding errors often below 1 arc second, suitable for longer exposures
- Built-in illuminated polar scope and Wi-Fi connectivity for easy setup and operation
Cons:
- Quality control issues such as loose parts, defective polar scope LED, and fragile components
- Mounting and battery compartment design flaws requiring modifications or workaround solutions
- Occasional app glitches and variability in support responses can hinder troubleshooting
Sky Watcher Star Adventurer Latitude (EQ) Base, Telescope Accessory

If you’re looking to improve your astrophotography setup with a reliable, easy-to-use equatorial base, the Sky Watcher Star Adventurer Latitude (EQ) Base is an excellent choice. It offers smooth, dependable polar alignment with internal gearing for repeatability and compatibility with Star Adventurer mounts and various camera setups. The sturdy design includes latitude adjustment locks, degree markers, and micro-adjustment knobs for precise positioning. It fits standard tripods and is simple to install—just set your latitude, align to true north, and attach your scope or camera. This versatile accessory enhances tracking accuracy and makes celestial observation more straightforward and reliable.
Best For: amateur astronomers and astrophotographers seeking a sturdy, manual equatorial mount for precise polar alignment and tracking with their Sky Watcher Star Adventurer or compatible setups.
Pros:
- Smooth and reliable polar alignment with internal gearing for repeatability
- Easy to install and adjust with latitude locks, degree markers, and micro-adjustment knobs
- Compatible with various tripods, camera setups, and Sky Watcher mounts for versatile use
Cons:
- Lacks detailed documentation, which may require additional research or external guides
- Some users recommend upgrading set screws for improved precision and stability
- Limited to manual operation without motorized tracking, requiring manual adjustments for object tracking
Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer Photo Kit – Night Sky Tracking Mount

The Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer Photo Kit stands out as an excellent choice for both amateur and experienced astrophotographers seeking a portable, reliable tracking mount. Its compact design, weighing just 2.4 pounds, makes it easy to carry for night sky shoots, while supporting up to 11 pounds of payload. The upgraded 2i version features Wi-Fi connectivity, allowing control via smartphone apps. Built with durable brass and aluminum gears, it ensures smooth, accurate tracking for long exposures, ideal for Milky Way shots, eclipses, and panoramas. Its modular setup supports various tripods, and features like an illuminated polar finder contribute to quick, precise polar alignment.
Best For: amateur and experienced astrophotographers seeking a portable, reliable tracking mount for wide-field night sky imaging and time-lapse photography.
Pros:
- Compact and lightweight design, weighing only 2.4 pounds for easy portability
- Supports up to 11 pounds of payload, suitable for various camera setups
- Wi-Fi connectivity with smartphone app control enhances ease of use and precision
Cons:
- Built-in polar scope can be poorly designed, making polar alignment challenging for some users
- Occasional quality control issues, such as damaged threads or missing components, reported by customers
- Software compatibility problems with the SAM Console app, requiring beta versions or troubleshooting
Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer 2i Astro Pack – Motorized DSLR Night Sky Tracker

Looking for a portable, reliable star tracker that can keep up with your astrophotography adventures? The Sky-Watcher Star Adventurer 2i Astro Pack is perfect. Weighing just 2.4 pounds, it’s lightweight and easy to carry. Its built-in AA battery lasts up to 72 hours, plus it supports external power via mini-USB. Designed for detailed Milky Way shots, eclipses, and celestial objects, it features durable brass and aluminum gears for smooth tracking. Compatible with most DSLRs up to 11 pounds, it’s versatile for wide-field imaging and time-lapse videos. The built-in polar finder makes alignment straightforward, making it an excellent choice for enthusiasts aiming for precision on the go.
Best For: amateur and enthusiast astrophotographers seeking a portable, reliable star tracker for wide-field imaging and celestial tracking on the go.
Pros:
- Lightweight and portable at only 2.4 lbs, ideal for travel and outdoor use
- Long-lasting built-in AA battery provides up to 72 hours of continuous tracking
- Supports most DSLR cameras up to 11 pounds with smooth, precise brass and aluminum gears
Cons:
- Limited to DSLR cameras and may not be compatible with heavier or specialized equipment
- Requires proper polar alignment using the built-in illuminated finderscope for optimal performance
- External power options depend on the availability of USB power sources, which may require additional accessories
SLIK ECH-630 Astro Tracker Tripod Head, 1, Black (618-803)

For astrophotographers seeking a compact, lightweight mount that doesn’t compromise on performance, the SLIK ECH-630 Astro Tracker Tripod Head (model 618-803) stands out. Weighing just 22.4 ounces and roughly the size of a lens, it’s perfect for backpacking and remote shoots. Its versatile design supports up to 11 pounds when flat, making it suitable for lightweight DSLR or mirrorless cameras. The motorized tracker offers multiple speed settings and can run continuously for over 20 hours on four AA batteries. With an LCD control menu and optional micro adjustment, achieving precise polar alignment is straightforward. Its portability and ease of use make it a top choice for dedicated astrophotographers.
Best For: astrophotographers seeking a portable, lightweight, and easy-to-use motorized tracker for celestial, lunar, and time-lapse photography.
Pros:
- Compact and lightweight design weighing only 22.4 oz., ideal for backpacking and remote shoots
- Up to 20 hours of continuous operation on four AA batteries, with an external power option via Micro USB
- Simple LCD control menu with optional micro adjustment for precise polar alignment
Cons:
- Supports a maximum load of 11 lbs. when flat, which may limit use with heavier camera equipment
- Battery life can be affected by extreme temperatures or frequent use, requiring additional power sources for extended sessions
- Limited to lightweight DSLR or mirrorless cameras; not suitable for heavier or professional-grade gear
Sky Watcher Star Adventurer Tripod

If you need a stable, lightweight tripod that can handle a variety of telescopes and mounts, the Sky Watcher Star Adventurer Tripod is an excellent choice. Made from high-quality materials, it offers solid stability without flexing, supporting heavy payloads securely. Its wide stance and accessory tray locking mechanism prevent tipping and enhance stability during use. Weighing just under 5 pounds and easily adjustable, it’s perfect for travel and quick setups. Compatible with several mounts, including the Star Adventurer Mini and AZ-GT series, it’s praised for durability, ease of use, and excellent value, making it a versatile tool for both amateurs and advanced astronomers.
Best For: amateur astronomers and astrophotographers seeking a lightweight, stable, and versatile tripod to support various telescopes and mounts during travel and extended imaging sessions.
Pros:
- Constructed from high-quality, durable materials providing excellent stability with no flexure
- Lightweight and portable, making setup and travel convenient
- Compatible with multiple mounts and accessories, enhancing versatility
Cons:
- Slightly higher price compared to basic tripods, though offering good value
- Accessory tray alignment can be a bit quirky, but designed for stability
- Limited height adjustment options may require additional accessories for specific viewing angles
LoneStar Tracking Hidden GPS Tracker Device Yabby3

The LoneStar Tracking Yabby3 stands out as an ideal choice for those needing discreet, long-lasting asset protection. Its compact, wire-free design makes it easy to conceal on vehicles, trailers, or valuables, while its rugged, waterproof (IP67) case guarantees durability in any environment. Powered by three AAA batteries, it can last up to nine years with no movement detection and over a year with daily use, reducing maintenance needs. Operating on 4G/5G networks, it provides real-time updates and satellite tracking for worldwide coverage. Perfect for theft recovery and asset management, the Yabby3 offers reliable, long-term security in a small, efficient package.
Best For: individuals or businesses seeking discreet, long-lasting GPS tracking for vehicles, trailers, or valuable assets to prevent theft and ensure security.
Pros:
- Extremely long battery life up to 9 years with no movement detection, reducing maintenance.
- Compact, wire-free design allows effortless concealment and easy installation.
- Rugged, waterproof (IP67) case ensures durability in various environmental conditions.
Cons:
- Requires three AAA batteries, which may need replacement over time.
- Limited features compared to larger GPS units with additional functionalities.
- Dependence on cellular networks (AT&T/T-Mobile) may affect coverage in remote areas.
Vixen POLARIE U Star Tracker

The Vixen POLARIE U Star Tracker stands out for its compact design and lightweight construction, making it an excellent choice for travelers and astrophotographers who need portability without sacrificing precision. Measuring just 4.53 x 2.83 x 3.48 inches and weighing only 1.26 pounds, it’s easy to carry on trips. Its five tracking speeds and ST4 Autoguiding port (RA only) ensure accurate star tracking for astrophotography and timelapse shots. Plus, you can control the shutter release via your smartphone, adding convenience. With a solid reputation and a 4.3-star rating from users, it’s a versatile, reliable tool for anyone serious about star tracking on the go.
Best For: travelers and astrophotographers seeking a portable, precise star tracker for astrophotography and timelapse photography.
Pros:
- Compact and lightweight design makes it highly portable for travel.
- Multiple tracking speeds and ST4 Autoguiding port ensure accurate star tracking.
- Smartphone control of shutter release enhances user convenience.
Cons:
- Limited to RA autoguiding only, which may not suit all astrophotography needs.
- Slightly higher price point compared to basic star trackers with fewer features.
- May require additional accessories or adapters for some camera setups.
Celestron StarSense AutoAlign Telescope Accessory

Designed for astronomers who want quick, accurate telescope alignment, the Celestron StarSense AutoAlign accessory automates the process within just three minutes. It replaces traditional finderscopes by using a StarSense camera to capture star patterns and a dedicated hand controller to compute precise positioning. Compatible with most Celestron computerized mounts, it recognizes over 40,000 celestial objects, allowing effortless slewing to stars, planets, or galaxies. Its advanced mount modeling and ability to add calibration stars improve accuracy, ideal for astrophotography. The system simplifies polar alignment with ASPA, works effectively in twilight, and is perfect for portable setups. Setup is fast, intuitive, and highly reliable.
Best For: amateur astronomers and astrophotographers seeking quick, precise, and automated telescope alignment for both visual observation and long-exposure imaging.
Pros:
- Fast and easy setup, reducing alignment time to about three minutes.
- Highly accurate star recognition and pointing, suitable for astrophotography.
- Compatible with a wide range of Celestron mounts and works effectively in twilight or obstructed skies.
Cons:
- Mounting bracket may have limitations, and some adapters may be required for non-Celestron OTAs.
- Lacks a dedicated finder mount base, which could be inconvenient for some setups.
- The small display on the hand control can be difficult to read from a distance.
ZWO Seestar S50 Smart Digital Telescope

If you’re looking for an easy-to-use, portable telescope that combines automation and high-quality imaging, the ZWO Seestar S50 stands out as an excellent choice. Weighing just 2.5kg, it packs a telescope, focuser, camera, ASIAIR, mount, and dew heater into a compact design. Its triplet apochromatic optics deliver crisp images with minimal chromatic aberration. The fully automatic tracking and object targeting via smartphone app make setup simple, even for beginners. Supporting multiple modes, it can capture deep-sky objects and stitch panoramic images. Wireless connectivity ensures seamless operation, making astrophotography accessible, hassle-free, and perfect for travel or quick sessions.
Best For: beginners and amateur astronomers seeking a portable, automated telescope with high-quality imaging capabilities.
Pros:
- Lightweight and compact design for easy transportation and quick setup
- Fully automatic tracking and object targeting via smartphone app for user-friendly operation
- Excellent image quality with professional triplet apochromatic optics suitable for deep-sky astrophotography
Cons:
- Limited for planetary imaging outside the Moon due to aperture size
- May require additional accessories for advanced astrophotography or astrophotography at very high magnifications
- Some users might find the app and automation features less customizable compared to traditional setups
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Carbon Fiber Star Tracker

When choosing a carbon fiber star tracker, I focus on its durability and weight to guarantee it can handle outdoor conditions without being cumbersome. I also consider tracking accuracy and stability to get precise, reliable results during observations. Finally, I check power options, compatibility, and portability to make sure it fits my setup and travel needs.
Material Durability and Weight
Material durability and weight are crucial factors to contemplate because they directly impact the star tracker’s performance and longevity. Carbon fiber’s high durability makes it resistant to environmental stressors like moisture, temperature swings, and UV exposure, ensuring the tracker withstands tough conditions. Its lightweight nature reduces the overall weight, making it easier to transport and handle during outdoor astrophotography sessions. The material’s exceptional strength-to-weight ratio provides structural integrity without adding bulk, which is essential for maintaining precise tracking and stability. Additionally, carbon fiber’s resistance to expansion and contraction helps keep calibration accurate across temperature variations. This durability not only extends the lifespan of the device but also minimizes wear and tear from frequent use and handling, making it a reliable choice for serious astronomers.
Tracking Precision and Stability
Achieving high tracking precision and stability depends heavily on the design and craftsmanship of the star tracker. A well-engineered gear system with minimal mechanical backlash ensures smooth, accurate movements essential for precise tracking. Stability relies on a sturdy, vibration-resistant mount that maintains alignment despite external forces like wind or ground vibrations. For long exposure astrophotography, the tracker must sustain sub-arcsecond accuracy without drift over extended periods. The quality of the carbon fiber material plays a critical role, as it reduces flexure and thermal expansion, which can otherwise cause tracking errors. Additionally, effective damping of mechanical oscillations during operation is essential to keep the star tracker steady throughout imaging sessions. All these factors combined determine the star tracker’s overall ability to deliver consistent, precise tracking.
Power Options and Battery Life
Choosing the right power options and battery life for a carbon fiber star tracker is essential to guarantee uninterrupted operation during long astrophotography sessions. Many models offer rechargeable batteries, external power inputs, or both, ensuring continuous tracking. Battery life varies widely, with some trackers lasting up to 72 hours on a single charge, depending on how you manage power and usage patterns. External power options like USB, mini-USB, or AC adapters can extend tracking time and boost reliability, especially for extended imaging projects. Power consumption depends on motor activity, Wi-Fi use, and accessory loads, which all impact battery longevity. Proper power management, including external batteries or power banks, is necessary to prevent interruptions during critical long-exposure shots, making thoughtful power choices fundamental for successful astrophotography.
Compatibility With Equipment
Selecting a star tracker that’s compatible with your equipment can make or break your astrophotography sessions. First, verify it supports your camera, lens, or small telescope sizes to avoid overloading or compatibility issues. Check if it can interface with control devices you prefer, like smartphone apps, hand controllers, or autoguiders, for smooth operation. Compatibility with your existing mount or tripod is also vital—look for matching mounting standards such as V-style dovetails or specific attachment points. Additionally, confirm the weight capacity to handle your gear, including accessories like filters or counterweights. Finally, verify that the tracker’s firmware and software work seamlessly with your operating system or control platforms, guaranteeing reliable updates and easy control during your sessions.
Portability and Size
The lightweight and compact design of carbon fiber star trackers makes them highly portable, perfect for field astrophotography and remote observation. Their reduced weight, often less than aluminum models, eases travel and setup, allowing me to carry them effortlessly across outdoor environments. The compact size means they fit easily into backpacks or cases, making transportation straightforward. Thinner and more rigid than traditional materials, carbon fiber components help keep the tracker precisely aligned and stable during use. Because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, these trackers enable smaller, ergonomic designs that don’t sacrifice durability or performance. Less stress on tripods and mounts means I can use lighter supporting equipment without compromising stability. Overall, portability and size are key advantages when choosing a carbon fiber star tracker for versatile, on-the-go astronomy.
Ease of Setup and Use
When evaluating a carbon fiber star tracker, ease of setup and use are crucial factors that can make or break your observing experience. A user-friendly tracker features clear, concise instructions and intuitive controls, reducing the learning curve. Automatic features like polar alignment and app or Wi-Fi integration simplify setup, cutting down manual adjustments. Lightweight, portable models allow for quick assembly and easy transport between sites. Mechanical components such as adjustable mounts and fine-tuning knobs should operate smoothly, enabling precise alignment with minimal effort. Reliable power sources and straightforward calibration processes further enhance usability, especially during long astrophotography sessions. Overall, a tracker that prioritizes simplicity and efficiency ensures you spend more time observing and less time troubleshooting, enriching your stargazing adventures.
Price and Value
Choosing a carbon fiber star tracker involves balancing cost against performance to get the best value. Prices range from around $200 for entry-level models to over $1,000 for high-end units, reflecting build quality and features. Investing in a more expensive tracker often means better accuracy, durability, and advanced capabilities, which pay off over time for serious astrophotographers. It’s essential to compare price and performance; a pricier model with superior stability can be more cost-effective long-term than a cheaper, less reliable option. Keep in mind that accessories like power supplies, mounts, and calibration tools add to the overall cost, so consider the total value. Additionally, good warranty support and customer service can save money and hassle down the line, enhancing your investment’s worth.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Carbon Fiber Improve Star Tracker Durability?
Carbon fiber considerably boosts star tracker durability because it’s incredibly strong and lightweight. I’ve found that its high tensile strength helps resist impacts and vibrations during launch and operation, reducing the risk of damage. Plus, its resistance to temperature fluctuations and corrosion ensures the tracker remains reliable over time. So, using carbon fiber means my star tracker stays precise and intact, even in harsh space environments.
Are Lightweight Carbon Fiber Trackers Suitable for Rugged Environments?
Yes, lightweight carbon fiber trackers are suitable for rugged environments. I’ve found that their strength-to-weight ratio makes them highly durable yet easy to handle, even in tough conditions. Their resistance to impacts, vibrations, and temperature fluctuations guarantees reliable performance. Plus, their lightweight design reduces strain during long missions, making them ideal for challenging terrains where robustness and ease of use are vital.
What Maintenance Is Required for Carbon Fiber Star Trackers?
Some might think carbon fiber star trackers need constant upkeep, but that’s not true. I just keep mine clean by gently wiping off dust and debris with a soft cloth after use, especially in rugged environments. Occasionally, I check for any loose screws or connections to ensure precision. No special maintenance is required, which makes these trackers reliable and hassle-free, even in tough conditions.
Can Carbon Fiber Trackers Handle Extreme Temperature Variations?
Yes, carbon fiber star trackers can handle extreme temperature variations quite well. I’ve found that their high-quality construction and inherent thermal stability allow them to operate reliably in harsh conditions, from scorching heat to freezing cold. Of course, I recommend checking specific models because some designs include additional insulation or temperature regulation features. Overall, their durability makes them a top choice for challenging environments.
How Does the Cost of Carbon Fiber Trackers Compare to Traditional Materials?
Did you know carbon fiber can cost up to five times more than traditional materials like aluminum? I’ve found that these trackers are definitely pricier upfront, but their lightweight strength and durability often justify the investment. While traditional materials might save you money initially, the long-term benefits of carbon fiber—like less wear and tear—can make it a smarter choice for precision and reliability.
Conclusion
If you’re serious about precision and durability in star tracking, these options are truly stellar choices, almost like having a telescope from the future—think of it as my personal hoverboard for astrophotography! Whether you’re a seasoned astronomer or a weekend stargazer, selecting the right tracker makes all the difference. So, trust your instincts, and remember: even in 2025, the universe’s secrets are just a click away, waiting to be uncovered.
 
					 
							 
					 
					 
					 
					 
						 
						 
						